The floor leaders and whips of each party are elected by their respective parties in a closed-door caucus by secret ballot. 4. . A party caucus functions as a subset of a party or legislative body to represent specific interests, ideas, or concerns. Fournisseur de Tallents. The House Democratic Caucus serves as the organizational forum to elect party leaders at the outset of each . The actual number of senators representing a particular party often changes during a Congress, due to the death or resignation of a senator, or as a consequence of a member changing parties. why are party officers chosen during the party's caucus $$, only one third of the seats are up every two years; two thirds are carried over from one term to the next; newly re/elected members are sworn in and vacancies filled, President reports on the state of the nation as he or she sees it, in both domestic and foreign policy terms; lays out shape of policies admin is expected to follow and the course expected for the nation; specific legislative recommendations, more important and powerful than President of the Senate; expected to preside in judicious manner, and aid the fortunes of the majority party and its legislative goals; to preside and to keep order, chairs sessions, recognizes speakers, interprets and applies rules, refers bills, rules on points of order, puts motions to a vote, decides outcomes of votes on floor, names members, signs bills and resolutions, Vice President, 1) does not choose its own presiding officer, and 2) Senate's presiding officer is not a member of the body, might not even be a member of the party that controls the Senate, cannot take the floor to speak or debate and may vote ONLY to break a tie, serves in VP's absence, elected by the Senate and is always the leading member of the majority, usually its longest serving member, follows Speaker in line of presidential selection, Congress is political body: 1) Congress is the nation's central policy-making policy, and 2) Congress is partisan, closed meeting of the members of each party in each house, held before Congress convenes in January and occasionally during a session, AKA party conference, deals with matters relating to party organization (selection of floor leader and questions of committee membership), most important officers in Congress next to Speaker, party officers chosen by their party colleagues, legislative strategists, chief spokesman for his party in his chamber, floor leader of the party that holds majority of seats in each house of Congress, floor leader of the party that holds the minority of seats in each house, assistant floor leaders, chosen at the party caucus and almost always floor leader's recommendation, serve as liaison between the party's leadership and rank-and-file members, count votes, see that members are present for important votes are present for important votes and that they vote with the party leadership, members who head the standing committees in each chamber, have major say in which bills a committee will consider and in what order at what length, whether public hearings are to be held and what witness the committee will call, an unwritten custom, provides that the most important posts in Congress, in both the formal and party organizations will be held by those party members with the longest records of service; applied most strictly to choice of committee, ignores ability, rewards mere length of service, and works to discourage younger members; defenders argue it ensures that a powerful and experienced member will head each committee, eliminates fights in each party, permanent panels, to which all similar bills can be sent; reviews bills dealing with particular policy matters; reviews bills sent in by House and Senate, divisions of standing committees which do most of the committee's work, responsible for a portion of the committee's workload, Speaker's "right arm," controls the flow of bills to the floor and sets the conditions for their consideration there, decides whether and under what conditions the full House will consider a measure, can speed, delay or prevent House action on a measure, special committees, set up for some specific purpose and most often for a limited time, Speaker or President of the Senate appoints the members of these special committees, investigate a current issue, one composed of members of both houses, some are investigative in nature and issue periodic reports to the House and Senate, a temporary, joint body created to iron out differences in the bill and produce a compromise bill that both houses will accept, a proposed law presented to the House or Senate for consideration, measures applying to the nation as a whole, measures that apply to certain persons or places rather than to they entire nation, similar to bills and have the force of law, deal with unusual or temporary matters, use to propose constitutional amendments and annex territories, deal with matters in which the House and the Senate must act jointly, but do not have for of law and require President's signature, used most often by Congress to state a position on some matter, deal with matters concerning either house alone and are taken up only by that house, regularly used for such matters as the adoption of a new rule of procedure or the amendment of some existing rule, does not have the force of law, provision not likely to pass on its own merit that is attached to an important measure certain to pass, contains the minutes, the official record, of the daily proceedings in the House or Senate, voluminous account of the daily proceedings (speech, debates, other comments, votes, motion, etc.)

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